Health
Smoking is said to affect health in many ways. Here we can look at some possibilities.

Does Smoking Affect the Heart?
You will need page R2.
One of the major causes of death is coronary heart disease (C.H.D.). Let us compare the occurrence of C.H.D. in smokers and non-smokers:

(Source: Smoking OR Health)
Figure 1 - Deaths from C.H.D. in 1971 in male doctors under the age of 45.

From Figure 1 you will see that doctors who did not smoke had a death rate from C. H. D. of 7 per 100000.

Doctors who smoked 1-14 cigarettes per day had a death rate from C.H.D. of 46 per 100000.

This is about seven times the risk for non-smokers.

1. What is the death rate from C.H.D. of doctors who smoked 15-24 cigarettes per day? How many times the risk of non-smokers is this?
2. What is the death rate from C.H.D. of doctors who smoked 25+ cigarettes per day? How many times the risk of non-smokers is this?
3. Using the data from Table 2, complete the bar chart on page R2.

Table 2 - Death from C.H.D. in 1971 in male doctors. Annual death rates per 100000 men.

4. Explain why these figures seem to suggest that smoking and C.H.D. are linked.
5. Comment on the effect smoking has in each age group. Try to explain the patterns you see.

Does Smoking Affect the Lungs?
You will need page R3. Lung cancer and chronic bronchitis are two other diseases linked with smoking. Table 3 shows how many people died of these diseases in the U.K. in 1974. It also gives the total number of deaths from all causes.

(Source: Smoking OR Health)
Table 3 - Number of deaths in U.K. in 1974 (thousands).

1. In Table 3 why is it useful to have separate figures for men and women?
2. In which age range do more women than men die from C.H.D.? How can this be explained?

We can work out the percentage of men dying from lung cancer.

Total no. of men who died of lung cancer in 1974 (all age groups) = 29.9 thousand.

Total no. of male deaths from all causes in 1974 (all age groups) = 319.4 thousand. So the percentage of male deaths due to lung cancer in 1974 was:

^29.9/_319.4 x 100 = 0.0936 x 100 = 9.4%

3. Work out the percentage of women who died of lung cancer in 1974.
4. By totalling the other columns find the percentages of men and women who died of chronic bronchitis and of C.H.D. in 1974. Write your answers in Table 7 on page R3.
5. Which disease killed most men?
6. Which disease killed most women?
7. *Among men aged 35 and over, what percentage of deaths is due to these diseases?
8. *Among women aged 35 and over, what percentage of deaths is due to these three diseases?
9. Other data suggest that smoking and the three diseases referred to are linked. How could smoking affect: the respiratory system, the heart?

Does Smoking Cause Lung Cancer?
There has been a steady increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per day by women from 0.9 in 1935 to 5.1 in 1965 (See Table 1). So consumption went up

^5.1/_0.9 = 5.67 = 5.7 times.

1. Calculate in a similar way the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per day by men from - 1935 to 1965 (see Table 1).
2. Using information from Figure 2, copy and complete Table 4.

Table 4 - Deaths per 100000 from cancer.

(Source: Smoking OR Health)
Figure 2 - Death rates per 100000 from cancer (1916-1966).

3. How many times greater are the deaths from lung cancer in 1966 than 1936 for women; for men?
4. How do the patterns differ for men and women?
5. Do these results show any connection between smoking and lung cancer? (In your answer consider the decline in incidence of cancers other than lung cancer.)
6. Why do these results not prove that smoking causes lung cancer?

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